Theory of Planned Behaviour Experiment Design

Theory of Planned Behaviour Experiment Design Project plan and questionnaire design for a practical experiment based on the theory of planned behaviour Introduction This experiment was designed to test the role of attitude in the outcome of a particular behaviour. The particular behaviour to be tested in this experiment was student class attendance. The hypothesis was that the more positive the attitudinal variables were, the more likely the behaviour outcome would be. This was assumed to be reflected in the intentions of the participants. The question posed was, does attitude affect the intention for class attendance? The role of attitude with regard to behaviour has been a concern of psychology for a number of years. Azjen and Fishbein’s theory of reasoned action was first introduced as a model reflecting the relationship between attitude and behaviour (1975). This took into account two variables, called the subjective norm and the attitude. These were seen as indicators of intention from which behaviour could be measured as an outcome. This concept was later revised to incorporate a third variable as yet another indicator of intention. This variable was called the perceived behavioural control. With these three variables informing the intention from which behaviours are an outcome, the theory of planned behaviour was born (Azjen, 1988, 1991). It is from this model that an attitudinal questionnaire was constructed to answer the question that this experiment posed. Method This experiment was designed to quantitatively test the intention of class attendance from a random sample of student participants. The intention of the participant’s behaviour was to be measured against the attitudes that the students had towards class attendance. In accordance to Azjen’s theory of planned behaviour, a questionnaire was drawn up to test the attitudinal beliefs towards class attendance and to compare the findings to their intention to attend. The questionnaire was broken down into two sections. The first section asked four questions regarding the participant’s intention towards attending class. This was to be answered by the participants on a scale ranging from one, most negative, to seven, most positive (Likert, 1932). The second section asked three sets of attitudinal questions. These were also to be answered on a Likert scale of one to seven. The questions used were based upon the three attitudinal variables inherent to the theory of action; a ttitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. These questions were divided into the three relevant groups. Each group of questions was then alternated between two types of sub question. In the attitude group these questions were alternated between outcome beliefs and outcome evaluations. In the subjective norm group these were alternated between normative beliefs and motivation to comply. In the perceived behavioural control group these were alternated between perceived capability and perceived controllability. The answers from the attitudinal questions were then to be correlated with the results of the intention questions. This was believed to give quantitative insight into the question posed from the outset of this experiment. Questionnaire This questionnaire has been designed to find out the relationship between attitude and intention and its relationship to class attendance. As a participant, you will be one 50 students chosen at random to complete this questionnaire. All that is asked of you is to complete this questionnaire honestly so that we can gather the data required to facilitate our findings. You do not need to disclose your name or details. Your cooperation with this questionnaire is greatly appreciated and we would be happy to answer any further questions after completion. Section 1. Please answer these questions on your intention to attend class on a scale of one to seven. 1. Do you intend to attend class over the coming semester? Not at all _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Entirely 2. Do you wish to fully attend class over the coming semester? No, I do not wish to attend class at all _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Yes, I fully intend to 3. Please state how much you intend to be in class over the next semester (remember: a judge on the scale of 1 to 7, where 1 is not at all and 7 is fully) Not at all _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Fully 4. Over the next semester do you hope to attend class in full? Not all _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Fully Section 2. Please answer the following questions regarding your attitude to attending class on a scale of one to seven. 1. For me to attend class is: Bad _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Good Unimportant _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Beneficial Boring _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Enjoyable Worthless _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Valuable Unpleasant _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Pleasant Unnecessary _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Advantageous Insignificant _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Essential Painstaking _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Rewarding [measurement of attitude alternation of outcome beliefs followed by outcome evaluation] 2. Most people I know think that I * attend class. * Should not _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Should 3. It is expected of me to attend class. False _ _ _ _ _ _ _ True 4. My peers think that I * attend class. * Should not _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Should 5. My peers expect it of me to attend class. False _ _ _ _ _ _ _ True 6. My tutors think that I * attend class * Should not _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Should 7. My tutors expect it of me to attend class. False _ _ _ _ _ _ _ True 8. People that I respect think that I * attend class. * Should not _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Should 9. People that I respect expect it of me to attend class False _ _ _ _ _ _ _ True 10. The University thinks that I * attend class Should not _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Should 11. The University expects it of me to attend class. False _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ True [measurement of subjective norms alternation of normative belief followed by motivation to comply] 12. For me to attend class over a semester would be Impossible _ _ _ _ _ _ _ possible 13. How much control do you believe that you have over your attendance of class? None _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Total 14. If I cared to I could attend class over a semester False _ _ _ _ _ _ _ True 15. It is up to me as to whether I attend class or not. How true is this statement? False _ _ _ _ _ _ _ True 16. The next semester can easily be attended by me. False _ _ _ _ _ _ _ True 17. Is it for you to determine whether you attend class or not? No, not at all _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Yes, entirely my choice 18. I could attend class over the next semester False _ _ _ _ _ _ _ True 19. Is it within your power to attend class? No, it is out of my reach _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Yes [measurement of perceived behavioural control alternation of capability followed by controllability] Bibliography Azjen., I. (1988) Attitudes, Personality and Behaviour, Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Azjen, I. (1991) Theory of Planned Behaviour: Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes. Fishbein, M. Azjen, I. (1975) Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behaviour. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Likert, R. (1932) A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology. 1

Exploring different types of comedy :: Drama

Exploring different types of comedy I am part of a group working on a devised piece based on the theme of comedy. We have explored different types of comedy and are devising ways of using these in a piece of drama. We were given some stimulus material about commedia dell'arte, this literally means artistic comedy. It started in the later half of the 16th century and this was a period where plays were stylish, classic and cold. So, commedia dell'arte was the complete opposite and soon loud, colourful representations cropped up all over Italy. The rules of theatre were subverted in this new style. Commedia dell'arte is mainly based on free improvisation on stage. Actors starting performing on simple stages set outdoors with a simple yet essential background. These improvised performances were never subtle and the humour was very often bawdy and coarse. There are a number of traditional characters that are related to commedia dell'arte. Harlequin is probably the best known out of all of the characters. He is comic servant who is lazy but energetic and both stupid and clever. He adds to the comedy that is being created on stage by the pure stupidity of the things that he does. He is often seen leaping into the air, dancing and walking on stilts. Another well known character is Pantaloon. He is a comic old merchant from Venice. He loves to give advice although he often receives blows from his servants, which creates comedy on stage. Even though commedia dell'arte didn't generate specific ideas for characters as such it did provide us with ideas for basic plot, as this genre achieves most of its humour on stage from the ridiculous situations that the characters are faced with. Our group was given a second stimulus of pantomime, and we were given 'Dick Whittington', written by Derek Dwyer and Merlin Price. In British theatre pantomime is a Christmas or New Year entertainment, but its origins can be traced back to the 16th century improvised comic drama, commedia dell'arte. This can be seen as pantomime retained a number of elements of commedia dell'arte, including the actress playing the part of the principle boy, and the actor playing the dame. Some new elements were also added into pantomime as it developed throughout the ages such as popular songs, topical humour, audience participation and a number of guest appearances from popular entertainers of the day. Many of these characteristics of typical pantomime can be seen in the extract that we have been given of 'Dick Whittington'. For example, before anyone even speaks there is a song to begin the show. This is

Indian Rupee Essay

â€Å"INR† redirects here. For other uses, see INR (disambiguation). For the Malayalam film, see Indian Rupee (film). Indian rupee â‚ ¹| à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾ (Hindi)| | ISO 4217 code| INR| Central bank| Reserve Bank of India| Website | www.rbi.org.in| Official user(s)| India| Unofficial user(s)| Bhutan (alongside theBhutanese ngultrum) Nepal (alongside theNepalese rupee)| Inflation| 5.96%, March 2013| Source | Economic Adviser| Method | WPI| Pegged by| Bhutanese ngultrum (at par) Nepalese rupee (1 INR = 1.6 NPR)| Subunit| | 1/100 | Paisa| Symbol| â‚ ¹| Paisa| p| Formerly used symbols and Coins | â‚ ¨, Rs, à ² °Ã  ³â€š, à § ³, à « ±, à ° °Ã  ±â€š, à ¯ ¹, à ¤ °Ã  ¥  .| Nickname| Taka(à § ³), Rupayya, Rupai, Rupees, Rupay, Rupayee| Coins| 50 paise, â‚ ¹1, â‚ ¹2, â‚ ¹5, â‚ ¹10| Banknotes| â‚ ¹5, â‚ ¹10, â‚ ¹20, â‚ ¹50, â‚ ¹100, â‚ ¹500, â‚ ¹1000| Printer| Reserve Bank of India| Website | www.rbi.org.in| Mint| India Government Mint| Website | www.spmcil.com| The Indian rupee (sign: â‚ ¹; code: INR) is the official currency of the Republic of India. The issuance of the currency is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India.[1] The modern rupee is subdivided into 100 paise (singular paisa), though as of 2011 only 50-paise coins are legal tender.[2][3] Banknotes in circulation come in denominations of â‚ ¹5, â‚ ¹10, â‚ ¹20, â‚ ¹50, â‚ ¹100, â‚ ¹500 and â‚ ¹1000. Rupee coins are available in denominations of â‚ ¹1, â‚ ¹2, â‚ ¹5, â‚ ¹10, â‚ ¹100 and â‚ ¹1000; of these, the â‚ ¹100 and â‚ ¹1000 coins are  for commemorative purposes only; the only other rupee coin has a nominal value of 50 paise, since lower denominations have been officially withdrawn. The Indian rupee symbol ‘â‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (officially adopted in 2010) is derived from the Devanagari consonant â€Å"à ¤ °Ã¢â‚¬  (Ra) and the Latin letter â€Å"R†. The first series of coins with the rupee symbol was launched on 8 Ju ly 2011. The Reserve Bank manages currency in India and derives its role in currency management on the basis of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. Recently RBI launched a website Paisa-Bolta-Hai to raise awareness of counterfeit currency among users of the INR. Contents [hide] * 1 Etymology * 2 Design * 3 Numeral system * 4 History * 4.1 Indias * 4.2 Straits Settlements * 4.3 International use * 5 Coins * 5.1 East India Company, 1835 * 5.2 Regal issues, 1862–1947 * 5.3 Independent predecimal issues, 1950–1957 * 5.4 Independent decimal issues, 1957– * 5.5 Special coins * 6 Banknotes * 6.1 British India * 6.2 Independent issues since 1949 * 6.3 Current banknotes * 7 Languages * 8 Minting * 9 Security features * 10 Convertibility * 10.1 Chronology * 11 Exchange rates * 11.1 Historic exchange rates * 11.2 Banknotes and coins in circulation * 11.3 Current exchange rates * 12 See also * 13 References * 14 External links ————————————————- Etymology[edit source | editbeta] The word â€Å"rupee† was derived from the Sanskrit word raupyak, meaning â€Å"silver†. This is similar to the British Pound-Sterling, in which the term ‘sterling’ means ‘silver’. 1. à ª °Ã  «â€šÃ  ª ªÃ  ª ¿Ã  ª ¯Ã  «â€¹ (rupiyo) in Gujarati 2. à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾ (tà ´ka) in Assamese 3. à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾ (taka) in Bengali 4. à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾ (rupayÄ ) in Hindi 5. Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›â€™ (pronounced ropyih) in Kashmiri 6. à ² °Ã  ³â€šÃ  ² ªÃ  ² ¾Ã  ² ¯Ã  ² ¿ (rÃ… «pÄ yi) in Kannada, Tulu and Konkani 7. à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾ (rupayÄ ) in Konkani 8. à ´ °Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ª (rÃ… «pÄ ) in Malayalam 9. à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾ (rupayÄ ) in Marathi 10. à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ (rupiya) in Nepali 11. à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾(tanka) in Oriya 12. à ¨ °Ã  © Ã  ¨ ªÃ  ¨Ë†Ã  ¨â€  (rupiÄ ) in Punjabi 13. à ¤ °Ã  ¥â€šÃ  ¤ ªÃ  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤â€¢Ã  ¤ ®Ã  ¥  (rÃ… «pyakam) in Sanskrit (Devnagari) 14. à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¹ (rupiyo) in Sindhi 15. à ® °Ã  ¯â€šÃ  ® ªÃ  ® ¾Ã  ® ¯Ã  ¯  (rÃ… «pÄ i) in Tamil 16. à ° °Ã  ±â€šÃ  ° ªÃ  ° ¾Ã  ° ¯Ã  ° ¿ (rÃ… «pÄ yi) in Telugu 17. Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›â€™ (rupay) in Urdu However, in the Assam, West Bengal, Tripura and Odisha the Indian rupee is officially known by names derived from the word à ¤Å¸Ã  ¤â„¢Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤â€¢ (á ¹ ­aá ¹â€¡kÄ ), which means â€Å"money†.[4] Thus, the rupee is called à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾ (á ¹ ­Ãƒ ´kÄ ) in Assamese, à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾ (á ¹ ­Ã„ kÄ ) in Bengali and à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾ (á ¹ ­aá ¹â€¡kÄ ) in Oriya. The amount (and the word â€Å"rupee†) is, accordingly, written on the front of Indian banknotes in English and Hindi, whilst on the back the name is listed, in English alphabetical order,[5] in 15 other Indian languages[6] ————————————————- Design[edit source | editbeta] The new sign (â‚ ¹) is a combination of the Devanagari letter â€Å"à ¤ °Ã¢â‚¬  (ra) and the Latin capital letter â€Å"R† without its vertical bar (similar to the R rotunda). The parallel lines at the top (with white space between them) are said to make an allusion to the tricolour Indian flag.[7] and also depict an equality sign that symbolises the nation’s desire to reduce economic disparity. It was designed at theNational Institute of Design ————————————————- Numeral system[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Indian numbering system The Indian numeral system is based on the decimal system, with two notable differences from Western systems using long and short scales. The system is ingrained in everyday monetary transactions in the Indian subcontinent. Indian semantic| International semantic| Indian comma placement| International comma placement| 1 lakh| 100 thousand| 1,00,000| 100,000| 10 lakhs| 1 million| 10,00,000| 1,000,000| 1 crore| 10 million| 1,00,00,000| 10,000,000| 10 crores| 100 million| 10,00,00,000| 100,000,000| 1 Arab| 1 billion| 1,00,00,00,000| 1,000,000,000| 10 Arabs| 10 billion| 10,00,00,00,000| 10,000,000,000| 1 kharab| 100 billion| 1,00,00,00,00,000| 100,000,000,000| 10 kharabs| 1 trillion| 10,00,00,00,00,000| 1,000,000,000,000| 1 padam(shankh)| 10 trillion| 1,00,00,00,00,00,000| 10,000,000,000,000| 10 padams(shankhs)| 100 trillion| 10,00,00,00,00,00,000| 100,000,000,000,000| * Note that in practice, use of Arab, kharab, padam is rare. In modern usage, 1 Arab would be 100 crores. For example, the amount â‚ ¹3,25,84,729.25 is read as â€Å"three crore, twenty-five lakh, eighty-four thousand, seven hundred twenty-nine rupees and twenty-five paise†. The use of millions (or billions, trillions, etc.) in the Indian subcontinent is very rare. ————————————————- History[edit source | editbeta] Main article: History of the rupee Indias[edit source | editbeta] Silver punch mark coin of the Maurya empire, known as Rupyarupa, 3rd century BCE. Historically, the rupee (derived from the Sanskrit word raupya), was a silver coin. This had severe consequences in the nineteenth century, when the strongest economies in the world were on the gold standard. The discovery of large quantities of silver in the United States and several European colonies resulted in a decline in the value of silver relative to gold, devaluing India’s standard currency. This event was known as â€Å"the fall of the rupee†. The history of the Indian rupee traces back to Ancient India in circa 6th century BC, ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world,[8]along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters. The Hindi word rÃ… «piya is derived form Sanskrit word rÃ… «pya, which means â€Å"wrought silver, a coin of silver†,[9] in origin an adjective meaning â€Å"shapely†, with a more specific meaning of â€Å"stamped, impressedà ¢â‚¬ , whence â€Å"coin†. It is derived from the noun rÃ… «pa â€Å"shape, likeness, image†. The word rÃ… «pa is being further identified as having sprung from the Dravidian â€Å". Arthashastra, written by Chanakya, prime minister to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya(c. 340-290 BCE), mentions silver coins asrupyarupa, other types of coins including gold coins (Suvarnarupa), copper coins ( Tamararupa) and lead coins (Sisarupa) are also mentioned. Rupa means form or shape, example, Rupyarupa, Rupya – wrought silver, rupa – form.[10] During his five-year rule from 1540 to 1545, he set up a new civic and military administration, Afghan king Sher Shah Suri issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 grains, which was termed theRupiya.[9][11] The silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period, Maratha era as well as in British India.[12] Among the earliest issues of paper rupees include; the Bank of Hindustan (1770–1832), the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar (1773–75, established by Warren Hastings), and the Bengal Bank (1784–91). Rupiya issued by Sher Shah Suri, 1540–1545 CE India was unaffected by the imperial order-in-council of 1825, which attempted to introduce British sterling coinage to the British colonies. British India, at that time, was controlled by the British East  India Company. The silver rupee continued as the currency of India through the British Raj and beyond. In 1835, British India adopted a mono-metallic silver standard based on the rupee; this decision was influenced by a letter written by Lord Liverpool in 1805 extolling the virtues of mono-metallism. Following the Indian Mutiny in 1857, the British government took direct control of British India. Since 1851, gold sovereigns were produced en masse at the Royal Mint in Sydney, New South Wales. In an 1864 attempt to make the British gold sovereign the â€Å"imperial coin†, the treasuries in Bombay andCalcutta were instructed to receive gold sovereigns; however, these gold sovereigns never left the vaults. As the British government gave up hope of replacing the rupee in India with the pound sterling, it realized for the same reason it could not replace the silver dollar in the Straits Settlements with the Indian rupee (as the British East India Company had desired). Since the silver crisis of 1873, a number of nations adopted the gold standard; however, India remained on the silver standard until it was replaced by a basket of commodities and currencies in the late 20th century.[citation needed] The Indian rupee replaced the Danish Indian rupee in 1845, the French Indian rupee in 1954 and the Portuguese Indian escudo in 1961. Following the independence of British India in 1947 and theaccession of the princely states to the new Union, the Indian rupee replaced all the currencies of the previously autonomous states (although the Hyderabadi rupee was not demonetised until 1959).[13] Some of the states had issued rupees equal to those issued by the British (such as the Travancore rupee). Other currencies (including the Hyderabadi rupee and the Kutch kori) had different values. One-rupee banknote Obverse of a one-rupee note issued by the Government of India. The values of the subdivisions of the rupee during British rule (and in the first decade of independence) were: * 1 rupee = 16 anna (later 100 naye paise) * 1 artharupee = 8 anna, or 1/2 rupee (later 50 naye paise) * 1 pavala = 4 anna, or 1/4 rupee (later 25 naye paise) * 1 beda = 2 anna, or 1/8 rupee (later equivalent to 12.5 naye paise) * 1 anna = 1/16 rupee (later equivalent to 6.25 naye paise) * 1 paraka = 1/2 anna (later equivalent to 3.125 naye paise) * 1 kani (pice) = 1/4 anna (later equivalent to 1.5625 naye paise) * 1 damidi (pie) = 1/12 anna (later equivalent to 0.520833 naye paise) In 1957, the rupee was decimalised and divided into 100 naye paise (Hindi for â€Å"new paise†); in 1964, the initial â€Å"naye† was dropped. Many still refer to 25, 50 and 75 paise as 4, 8 and 12 annas respectively, similar to the usage of â€Å"two bits† in American English for a quarter-dollar. Straits Settlements[edit source | editbeta] The Straits Settlements were originally an outlier of the British East India Company. The Spanish dollar had already taken hold in the Settlements by the time the British arrived during the 19th century; however, the East India Company tried to replace it with the rupee. This attempt was resisted by the locals; by 1867 (when the British government took over direct control of the Straits Settlements from the East India Company), attempts to introduce the rupee were finally abandoned. International use[edit source | editbeta] See also: Pakistani rupee With the Partition the Pakistani rupee came into existence, initially using Indian coins and Indian currency notes simply overstamped with â€Å"Pakistan†. Previously the Indian rupee was an official currency of other countries, including Aden, Oman, Dubai, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the Trucial States, Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, the Seychelles and Mauritius. The Indian government introduced the Gulf rupee – also known as the Persian Gulf rupee (XPGR) – as a replacement for the Indian rupee for circulation outside the country with the Reserve Bank of India (Amendment) Act of 1 May 1959. The creation of a separate currency was an attempt to reduce the strain on India’s foreign reserves from gold smuggling. After India devalued the rupee on 6 June 1966, those countries still using it – Oman, Qatar, and the Trucial States (which became the United Arab Emirates in 1971) – replaced the Gulf rupee with their own currencies. Kuwait and Bahrain had already done so in 1961 and 1965, respectively. The Bhutanese ngultrum is pegged at par with the Indian rupee; both currencies are accepted in Bhutan. The Nepalese rupee is pegged at â‚ ¹0.625; the Indian rupee is accepted in  Nepal, except â‚ ¹500 and â‚ ¹1000 banknotes, which are not legal tender in Nepal. Sri Lanka’s rupee is not currently related to that of India; it is pegged to the US dollar.[14] ————————————————- Coins[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Modern Indian coins East India Company, 1835[edit source | editbeta] The three Presidencies established by the British East India Company (Bengal, Bombay and Madras) each issued their own coinages until 1835. All three issued rupees and fractions thereof down to 1⠁„8- and 1⠁„16-rupee in silver. Madras also issued two-rupee coins. Copper denominations were more varied. Bengal issued one-pie, 1⠁„2-, one- and two-paise coins. Bombay issued 1-pie, 1⠁„4-, 1⠁„2-, 1-, 11⠁„2-, 2- and 4-paise coins. In Madras there were copper coins for two and four pies and one, two and four paisa, with the first two denominated as 1⠁„2 and one dub (or 1⠁„96 and 1⠁„48) rupee. Madras also issued the Madras fanam until 1815. All three Presidencies issued gold mohurs and fractions of mohurs including 1⠁„16, 1⠁„2, 1⠁„4 in Bengal, 1⠁„15 (a gold rupee) and 1⠁„3 (pancia) in Bombay and 1⠁„4, 1⠁„3 and 1⠁„2 in Madras. In 1835, a single coinage for the EIC was introduced. It consisted of copper 1⠁„ 12, 1⠁„4 and 1⠁„2 anna, silver 1⠁„4, 1⠁„3 and 1 rupee and gold 1 and 2 mohurs. In 1841, silver 2 annas were added, followed by copper 1⠁„2 pice in 1853. The coinage of the EIC continued to be issued until 1862, even after the Company had been taken over by the Crown. Regal issues, 1862–1947[edit source | editbeta] Regal issue minted during the reign ofKing/Emperor George V. In 1862, coins were introduced (known as â€Å"regal issues†) which bore the portrait of Queen Victoria and the designation â€Å"India†. Their denominations were1⠁„12 anna, 1⠁„2 pice, 1⠁„4 and 1⠁„2 anna (all in copper), 2 annas, 1⠁„4, 1⠁„2 and one rupee (silver), and five and ten rupees and one mohur (gold). The gold denominations ceased production in 1891, and no 1⠁„2-anna coins were issued after 1877. In 1906, bronze replaced copper for the lowest three denominations; in 1907, a cupro-nickel one-anna coin was introduced. In 1918–1919 cupro-nickel two-, four- and eight-annas were  introduced, although the four- and eight-annas coins were only issued until 1921 and did not replace their silver equivalents. In 1918, the Bombay mint also struck gold sovereigns and 15-rupee coins identical in size to the sovereigns as an emergency measure during to the First World War. In the early 1940s, several changes were implemented. The 1⠁„12 anna and 1⠁„2 pice ceased production, the 1⠁„4 anna was changed to a bronze, holed coin, cupro-nickel and nickel-brass 1⠁„2-anna coins were introduced, nickel-brass was used to produce some one- and two-annas coins, and the silver composition was reduced from 91.7 to 50 percent. The last of the regal issues were cupro-nickel 1⠁„4-, 1⠁„2- and one-rupee pieces minted in 1946 and 1947, bearing the image of George VI, King and Emperor on the obverse and an Indian tiger on the reverse.. Independent predecimal issues, 1950–1957[edit source | editbeta] Indian one pice, minted in 1950 India’s first coins after independence were issued in 1950 in 1 pice, 1⠁„2, one and two annas, 1⠁„4, 1⠁„2 and one-rupee denominations. The sizes and composition were the same as the final regal issues, except for the one-pice (which was bronze, but not holed). Independent decimal issues, 1957–[edit source | editbeta] In 1964, India introduced aluminium coins for denominations up to 20p. The first decimal-coin issues in India consisted of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 naye paise, and 1 rupee. The 1 naya paisa was bronze; the 2, 5 & 10 naye paise were cupro-nickel, and the 25 naye paise (nicknamed chavanni; 25 naye paise equals 4 annas), 50 naye paise (also called athanni; 50 naye paise equaled 8 old annas) and 1-rupee coins were nickel. In 1964, the word naya(e) was removed from all coins. Between 1964 and 1967, aluminum one-, two-, three-, five- and ten-paise coins were introduced. In 1968 nickel-brass 20-paise coins were introduced, and replaced by aluminum coins in 1982. Between 1972 and 1975, cupro-nickel replaced nickel in the 25- and 50-paise and the 1-rupee coins; in 1982, cupro-nickel two-rupee coins were introduced. In 1988 stainless steel 10-, 25- and 50-paise coins were introduced, followed by 1- and 5-rupee coins in 1992. Five-rupee coins, made frombrass, are being minted by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Between 2005  and 2008 new, lighter fifty-paise, one-, two- and five-rupee coins were introduced, made from ferritic stainless steel. The move was prompted by the melting-down of older coins, whose face value was less than their scrap value. The demonetization of the 25-(chavanni)paise coin and all paise coins below it took place, and a new series of coins (50 paise – nicknamed athanni – one, two, five and ten rupees, with the new rupee symbol) were put into circulation in 2011. Coins commonly in circulation are one, two, five and ten rupees.[15][16] Although it is still legal tender, the 50-paise (athanni) coin is rarely seen in circulation.[17] Circulating Coins [15][18]| Value| Technical parameters| Description| Year of| | Diameter| Mass| Composition| Shape| Obverse| Reverse| First minting| Last minting| 50 paise| 19 mm| 3.79 g| Ferritic stainless steel| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, the word â€Å"PAISE† in English and Hindi, floral motif and year of minting| 2011| | 50 paise| 22 mm| 3.79 g| Ferritic stainless steel| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, hand in a fist| 2008| | â‚ ¹1| 25 mm| 4.85 g| Ferritic stainless steel| Circular| Emblem of India, value| Value, two stalks of wheat| 1992| | â‚ ¹1| 25 mm| 4.85 g| Ferritic stainless steel| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, hand showing thumb (an expression in the Bharata Natyam Dance)| 2007| | â‚ ¹1| 22 mm| 3.79 g| Ferritic stainless steel| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, new rupee sign, floral motif and year of minting| 2011| | â‚ ¹2| 26 mm| 6 g| Cupro-Nickel| Eleven Sided| Emblem of India, Value| National integration| 1982| | â‚ ¹2| 27 mm| 5.62 g| Ferritic stainless steel| Circular| Emblem of India, year of minting| Value, hand showing two fingers (Hasta Mudra – hand gesture from the dance Bharata Natyam)| 2007| | â‚ ¹2| 25 mm| 4.85 g| Ferritic stainless steel| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, new rupee sign, floral motif and year of minting| 2011| | â‚ ¹5| 23 mm| 9 g| Cupro-Nickel| Circular| Emblem of India| Value| 1992| | â‚ ¹5| 23 mm| 6 g| Ferritic stainless steel| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, wavy lines| 2007| | â‚ ¹5| 23 mm| 6 g| Brass| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, wavy lines| 2009| | â‚ ¹5| 23 mm| 6 g| Nickel- Brass| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, new rupee sign, floral motif and year of minting| 2011| | â‚ ¹10|  27 mm| 5.62 g| Bimetallic| Circular| Emblem of India with value| Value, wavy lines| 2006| | â‚ ¹10| 27 mm| 5.62 g| Bimetallic| Circular| Emblem of India and year of minting| Value with outward radiating pattern, new rupee sign| 2011| | The coins are minted at the four locations of the India Government Mint. The â‚ ¹1, â‚ ¹2, and â‚ ¹ 5 coins have been minted since independence. Coins minted with the â€Å"hand picture† were minted from 2005 onwards. Special coins[edit source | editbeta] After independence, the Government of India mint, minted coins imprinted with Indian statesmen, historical and religious figures. In year 2010 for the first time ever â‚ ¹75, â‚ ¹150 and â‚ ¹1000 coins were minted in India to commemorate Reserve Bank of India’s Platinum jubilee, 150th birth anniversary of Rabindra Nath Tagore and 1000 years of Brihadeeswarar Temple, respectively. ————————————————- Banknotes[edit source | editbeta] The design of banknotes is approved by the central government, on the recommendation of the central board of the Reserve Bank of India.[1] Currency notes are printed at the Currency Note Press in Nashik, the Bank Note Press in Dewas, the Bharatiya Note Mudra Nigam (P) presses at Salboni and Mysore and at the Watermark Paper Manufacturing Mill in Hoshangabad. The current series of banknotes (which began in 1996) is known as the Mahatma Gandhi series. Banknotes are issued in the denominations of â‚ ¹5, â‚ ¹10, â‚ ¹20, â‚ ¹50, â‚ ¹100, â‚ ¹500 and â‚ ¹1000. The printing of â‚ ¹5 notes (which had stopped earlier) resumed in 2009. ATMs usually distribute â‚ ¹100, â‚ ¹500 and â‚ ¹1,000 notes. The zero rupee note is not an official government issue, but a symbol of protest; it is printed (and distributed) by an NGO in India. British India[edit source | editbeta] British Indian ten rupee note British Indian one rupee note In 1861, the government of India introduced its first paper money: â‚ ¹10 notes in 1864, â‚ ¹5 notes in 1872, â‚ ¹10,000 notes in 1899, â‚ ¹100 notes in 1900, 50-rupee notes in 1905, 500-rupee notes in 1907 and 1000-rupee notes in  1909. In 1917, 1- and 21⠁„2-rupee notes were introduced. The Reserve Bank of India began banknote production in 1938, issuing â‚ ¹2, â‚ ¹5, â‚ ¹10, â‚ ¹50, â‚ ¹100, â‚ ¹1,000 and â‚ ¹10,000 notes while the government continued issuing â‚ ¹1 notes. Independent issues since 1949[edit source | editbeta] After independence, new designs were introduced to replace the portrait of the king. The government continued issuing the â‚ ¹1note, while the Reserve Bank issued other denominations (including the â‚ ¹5,000 and â‚ ¹10,000 notes introduced in 1949). During the 1970s, â‚ ¹20 and â‚ ¹50 notes were introduced; denominations higher than â‚ ¹100 were demonetised in 1978. In 1987 the 500-rupee note was introduced, followed by the â‚ ¹1,000 note in 2000. â‚ ¹1 and â‚ ¹2 notes were discontinued in 1995. In September 2009, the Reserve Bank of India decided to introduce polymer banknotes on a trial basis. Initially, 100 crore (1 billion) pieces of polymer â‚ ¹10 notes will be introduced.[19] According to Reserve Bank officials, the polymer notes will have an average lifespan of five years (four times that of paper banknotes) and will be difficult to counterfeit; they will also be cleaner than paper notes. Current banknotes[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Mahatma Gandhi Series (banknotes) Mahatma Gandhi series â‚ ¹1000 banknote with the portrait of Mahatma Gandhi The Mahatma Gandhi series of banknotes are issued by the Reserve Bank of India as legal tender. The series is so named because the obverse of each note features a portrait of Mahatma Gandhi. Since its introduction in 1996, this series has replaced all issued banknotes. The RBI introduced the series in 1996 with â‚ ¹10 and â‚ ¹500 banknotes. At present, the RBI issues banknotes in denominations from â‚ ¹5 to â‚ ¹1,000. The printing of â‚ ¹5 notes (which had stopped earlier) resumed in 2009. As of January 2012, the new ‘â‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ sign has been incorporated into banknotes in denominations of â‚ ¹10, â‚ ¹20, â‚ ¹50, â‚ ¹100, â‚ ¹500 and â‚ ¹1,000.[20][21][22][23] ————————————————- Languages[edit source | editbeta] Each banknote has its amount written in 17 languages. On the obverse, the denomination is written in English and Hindi. On the reverse is a language  panel which displays the denomination of the note in 15 of the 22 official languages of India. The languages are displayed in alphabetical order. Languages included on the panel are Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit,Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. Denominations in various languages| Language| â‚ ¹1| â‚ ¹2| â‚ ¹5| â‚ ¹10| â‚ ¹20| â‚ ¹50| â‚ ¹100| â‚ ¹500| â‚ ¹1000| English| One rupee| Two rupees| Five rupees| Ten rupees| Twenty rupees| Fifty rupees| Hundred rupees| Five hundred rupees| One thousand rupees| Assamese| à ¦ Ã  ¦â€¢ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ¦Ã  § Ã  ¦â€¡ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ªÃ  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ Ã  ¦Å¡ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ¦Ã  ¦ ¹ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ¬Ã  ¦ ¿Ã  ¦â€º à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ªÃ  ¦Å¾Ã  § Ã  ¦Å¡Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ ¶ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ Ã  ¦ ¶ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ªÃ  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ Ã  ¦Å¡Ã  ¦ ¶ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ Ã  ¦â€¢ à ¦ ¹Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦Å"à ¦ ¾Ã  § ° à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| Bengali| à ¦ Ã  ¦â€¢ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ¦Ã  § Ã  ¦â€¡ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ªÃ  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ Ã  ¦Å¡ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ¦Ã  ¦ ¶ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦â€¢Ã  § Ã  ¦ ¡Ã  ¦ ¼Ã  ¦ ¿ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ªÃ  ¦Å¾Ã  § Ã  ¦Å¡Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ ¶ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ¶Ã  ¦ ¤ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ªÃ  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ Ã  ¦Å¡Ã  ¦ ¶Ã  ¦ ¤ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ Ã  ¦â€¢ à ¦ ¹Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦Å"à ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ ° à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| Gujarati| à ª Ã  ªâ€¢ à ª °Ã  «â€šÃ  ª ªÃ  ª ¿Ã  ª ¯Ã  «â€¹| à ª ¬Ã  «â€¡ à ª °Ã  «â€šÃ  ª ªÃ  ª ¿Ã  ª ¯Ã  ª ¾| à ª ªÃ  ª ¾Ã  ªâ€šÃ  ªÅ¡ à ª °Ã  «â€šÃ  ª ªÃ  ª ¿Ã  ª ¯Ã  ª ¾| à ª ¦Ã  ª ¸ à ª °Ã  «â€šÃ  ª ªÃ  ª ¿Ã  ª ¯Ã  ª ¾| à ª µÃ  «â‚¬Ã  ª ¸ à ª °Ã  «â€šÃ  ª ªÃ  ª ¿Ã  ª ¯Ã  ª ¾| à ª ªÃ  ªÅ¡Ã  ª ¾Ã  ª ¸ à ª °Ã  «â€šÃ  ª ªÃ  ª ¿Ã  ª ¯Ã  ª ¾| à ª ¸Ã  «â€¹ à ª °Ã  «â€šÃ  ª ªÃ  ª ¿Ã  ª ¯Ã  ª ¾| à ª ªÃ  ª ¾Ã  ªâ€šÃ  ªÅ¡ à ª ¸Ã  «â€¹ à ª °Ã  «â€šÃ  ª ªÃ  ª ¿Ã  ª ¯Ã  ª ¾| à ª Ã  ªâ€¢ à ª ¹Ã  ªÅ"à ª ¾Ã  ª ° à ª °Ã  «â€šÃ  ª ªÃ  ª ¿Ã  ª ¯Ã  ª ¾| Hindi| à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| à ¤ ¦Ã  ¥â€¹ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ Ã  ¤Å¡ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ¦Ã  ¤ ¸ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ¬Ã  ¥â‚¬Ã  ¤ ¸ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤Å¡ à ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ¸ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢ à ¤ ¸Ã  ¥Å' à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤â€šÃ  ¤Å¡ à ¤ ¸Ã  ¥Å' à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢ à ¤ ¹Ã  ¤Å"à ¤ ¼Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ° à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| Nepali| à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ | à ¤ ¦Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤Ë† à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ | à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ Ã  ¤Å¡ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ | à ¤ ¦Ã  ¤ ¶ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ | à ¤ ¬Ã  ¥â‚¬Ã  ¤ ¸ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ | à ¤ ªÃ  ¤Å¡Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ¸ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ | à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢ à ¤ ¸Ã  ¤ ¯ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ | à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ Ã  ¤Å¡ à ¤ ¸Ã  ¤ ¯ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ | à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢ à ¤ ¹Ã  ¤Å"à ¤ ¼Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ° à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ | Kannada| à ²â€™Ã  ²â€šÃ  ² ¦Ã  ³  à ² °Ã  ³ Ã  ² ªÃ  ² ¾Ã  ² ¯Ã  ² ¿| à ²Å½Ã  ² °Ã  ² ¡Ã  ³  à ² °Ã  ³â€ šÃ  ² ªÃ  ² ¾Ã  ² ¯Ã  ² ¿Ã  ²â€"à ² ³Ã  ³ | à ² Ã  ² ¦Ã  ³  à ² °Ã  ³â€šÃ  ² ªÃ  ² ¾Ã  ² ¯Ã  ² ¿Ã  ²â€"à ² ³Ã  ³ | à ² ¹Ã  ² ¤Ã  ³ Ã  ² ¤Ã  ³  à ² °Ã  ³â€šÃ  ² ªÃ  ² ¾Ã  ² ¯Ã  ² ¿Ã  ²â€"à ² ³Ã  ³ | à ²â€¡Ã  ² ªÃ  ³ Ã  ² ªÃ  ² ¤Ã  ³ Ã  ² ¤Ã  ³  à ² °Ã  ³â€šÃ  ² ªÃ  ² ¾Ã  ² ¯Ã  ² ¿Ã  ²â€"à ² ³Ã  ³ | à ² Ã  ² µÃ  ² ¤Ã  ³ Ã  ² ¤Ã  ³  à ² °Ã  ³â€šÃ  ² ªÃ  ² ¾Ã  ² ¯Ã  ² ¿Ã  ²â€"à ² ³Ã  ³ | à ² ¨Ã  ³â€šÃ  ² °Ã  ³  à ² °Ã  ³â€šÃ  ² ªÃ  ² ¾Ã  ² ¯Ã  ² ¿Ã  ²â€"à ² ³Ã  ³ | à ² Ã  ² ¨Ã  ³â€šÃ  ² °Ã  ³  à ² °Ã  ³â€šÃ  ² ªÃ  ² ¾Ã  ² ¯Ã  ² ¿Ã  ²â€"à ² ³Ã  ³ | à ²â€™Ã  ²â€šÃ  ² ¦Ã  ³  à ² ¸Ã  ² ¾Ã  ² µÃ  ² ¿Ã  ² ° à ² °Ã  ³â€šÃ  ² ªÃ  ² ¾Ã  ² ¯Ã  ² ¿Ã  ²â€"à ² ³Ã  ³ | Konkani| à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| à ¤ ¦Ã  ¥â€¹Ã  ¤ ¨ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤â€šÃ  ¤Å¡ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| à ¤ §Ã  ¤ ¾ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| à ¤ µÃ  ¥â‚¬Ã  ¤ ¸ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¨Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¨Ã  ¤ ¾ à ¤ ¸ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| à ¤ ¶Ã  ¤â€šÃ  ¤ ­Ã  ¤ ° à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤Å¡Ã  ¤ ¶Ã  ¥â€¡Ã  ¤â€š à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢ à ¤ ¹Ã  ¤Å"à ¤ ¼Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ° à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| Malayalam| à ´â€™Ã  ´ °Ã  µ  à ´ °Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ª| à ´ °Ã  ´ £Ã  µ Ã  ´Å¸Ã  µ  à ´ °Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ª| à ´â€¦Ã  ´Å¾Ã  µ Ã  ´Å¡Ã  µ  à ´ °Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ª| à ´ ªÃ  ´ ¤Ã  µ Ã  ´ ¤Ã  µ  à ´ °Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ª| à ´â€¡Ã  ´ °Ã  µ Ã  ´ ªÃ  ´ ¤Ã  µ  à ´ °Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ª| à ´â€¦Ã  µ »Ã  ´ ªÃ  ´ ¤Ã  µ  à ´ °Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ª| à ´ ¨Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ±Ã  µ  à ´ °Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ª| à ´â€¦Ã  ´Å¾Ã  µ Ã  ´Å¾Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ±Ã  µ  à ´ °Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ª| à ´â€ Ã  ´ ¯Ã  ´ ¿Ã  ´ °Ã  ´â€š à ´ °Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ª| Marathi| à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| à ¤ ¦Ã  ¥â€¹Ã  ¤ ¨ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤Å¡ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ¦Ã  ¤ ¹Ã  ¤ ¾ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ µÃ  ¥â‚¬Ã  ¤ ¸ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¨Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¨Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ¸ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ¶Ã  ¤â€šÃ  ¤ ­Ã  ¤ ° à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤Å¡Ã  ¤ ¶Ã  ¥â€¡ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ 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Ã  ° µÃ  °â€šÃ  ° ¦Ã  ° ² à ° °Ã  ±â€šÃ  ° ªÃ  ° ¾Ã  ° ¯Ã  ° ²Ã  ± | à ° µÃ  ±â€ Ã  ° ¯Ã  ± Ã  ° ¯Ã  ° ¿ à ° °Ã  ±â€šÃ  ° ªÃ  ° ¾Ã  ° ¯Ã  ° ²Ã  ± | Punjabi| à ¨â€¡Ã  ¨â€¢ à ¨ °Ã  © Ã  ¨ ªÃ  ¨ | à ¨ ¦Ã  ©â€¹ à ¨ °Ã  © Ã  ¨ ªÃ  ¨ | à ¨ ªÃ  © °Ã  ¨Å" à ¨ °Ã  © Ã  ¨ ªÃ  ¨ | à ¨ ¦Ã  ¨ ¸ à ¨ °Ã  © Ã  ¨ ªÃ  ¨ | à ¨ µÃ  ©â‚¬Ã  ¨ ¹ à ¨ °Ã  © Ã  ¨ ªÃ  ¨ | à ¨ ªÃ  © °Ã  ¨Å"à ¨ ¾Ã  ¨ ¹ à ¨ °Ã  © Ã  ¨ ªÃ  ¨ | à ¨â€¡Ã  ¨â€¢ à ¨ ¸Ã  ©â€¹ à ¨ °Ã  © Ã  ¨ ªÃ  ¨ | à ¨ ªÃ  © °Ã  ¨Å" à ¨ ¸Ã  ©â€¹ à ¨ °Ã  © Ã  ¨ ªÃ  ¨ | à ¨â€¡Ã  ¨â€¢ à ¨ ¹Ã  ¨Å"à ¨ ¾Ã  ¨ ° à ¨ °Ã  © Ã  ¨ ªÃ  ¨ | Urdu| Ø §Ã›Å'Ú © Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›Å'Û | Ø ¯Ã™Ë† Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›â€™| Ù ¾Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ãšâ€  Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›â€™| Ø ¯Ã˜ ³ Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›â€™| Ø ¨Ã›Å'Ø ³ Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›â€™| Ù ¾Ãšâ€ Ã˜ §Ã˜ ³ Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›â€™| Ø §Ã›Å'Ú © Ø ³Ã™Ë† Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›â€™| Ù ¾Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ãšâ€  Ø ³Ã™Ë† Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›â€™| Ø §Ã›Å'Ú © Û Ã˜ ²Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›â€™| Oriya| à ­ § à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾| à ­ ¨ à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾| à ­ « à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾| à ­ §0 à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾| à ­ ¨Ã  ­ ¦ à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾| à ­ «Ã  ­ ¦ à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾| à ­ §Ã  ­ ¦Ã  ­ ¦ à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾| à ­ «Ã  ­ ¦Ã  ­ ¦ à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾| à ­ §Ã  ­ ¦Ã  ­ ¦Ã  ­ ¦ à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾| ————————————————- Minting[edit source | editbeta] A postcard depicting the Mint. The Government of India has the only right to mint the coins. The responsibility for coinage comes under the Coinage Act, 1906 which is amended from time to time. The designing and minting of coins in various denominations is also the responsibility of the Government of India. Coins are minted at the five India Government Mints at Mumbai, Alipore(Kolkata), Saifabad(Hyderabad), Cherlapally (Hyderabad) and NOIDA (UP).[24] The coins are issued for circulation only through the Reserve Bank in terms of the RBI Act. ————————————————- Security features[edit source | editbeta] The main security features of current banknotes are: * Watermark – White side panel of notes has Mahatma Gandhi watermark. * Security thread – All notes have a silver or green security band with inscriptions (visible when held against light) of Bharat in Hindi and â€Å"RBI† in English. * Latent image – On notes of denominations of â‚ ¹20 and upwards, a vertical band on the right side of the Mahatma Gandhi’s portrait contains a latent image showing the respective denominational value numerally (visible only when the note is held horizontally at eye level). * Microlettering – Numeral denominational value is visible under magnifying glass between security thread and latent image. * Intaglio – On notes with denominations of â‚ ¹5 and upwards the portrait of Mahatma Gandhi, the Reserve Bank seal, guarantee and promise clause, Ashoka Pillar Emblem on the left and the RBI Governor’s signature are printed in intaglio (raised print). * Identification mark – On the left of the watermark window,  different shapes are printed for various denominations â‚ ¹20: vertical rectangle, â‚ ¹50: square, â‚ ¹100: triangle, â‚ ¹500: circle, â‚ ¹1,000: diamond). This also helps the visually impaired to identify the denomination. * Fluorescence – Number panels glow under ultraviolet light. * Optically variable ink – Notes of â‚ ¹500 and â‚ ¹1,000 denominations have their numerals printed in optically variable ink. The number appears green when the note is held flat, but changes to blue when viewed at an angle. * See-through register – Floral designs printed on the front and the back of the note coincide and perfectly overlap each other when viewed against light. * EURion constellation – A pattern of symbols found on the banknote helps software detect the presence of a banknote in a digital image, preventing its reproduction with devices such as colour photocopiers. ——————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Convertibility[edit source | editbeta] Most traded currencies by value Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover[25][26]| Rank| Currency| ISO 4217 code (Symbol)| % daily share (April 2010)| 1|  United States dollar| USD ($)| 84.9%| 2|  Euro| EUR (â‚ ¬)| 39.1%| 3|  Japanese yen| JPY ( ¥)| 19.0%| 4|  Pound sterling| GBP ( £)| 12.9%| 5|  Australian dollar| AUD ($)| 7.6%| 6|  Swiss franc| CHF (Fr)| 6.4%| 7|  Canadian dollar| CAD ($)| 5.3%| 8|  Hong Kong dollar| HKD ($)| 2.4%| 9|  Swedish krona| SEK (kr)| 2.2%| 10|  New Zealand dollar| NZD ($)| 1.6%| 11|  Singapore dollar| SGD ($)| 1.5%| 12|  South Korean won| KRW (â‚ ©)| 1.5%| 13|  Norwegian krone| NOK (kr)| 1.3%| 14|  Mexican peso| MXN ($)| 1.3%| 15|  Indian rupee| INR ()| 0.9%| Other| 12.2%| Total[27]| 200%| Officially, the Indian rupee has a market-determined exchange rate. However, the RBI trades actively in the USD/INR currency market to impact effective exchange rates. Thus, the currency regime in place for the Indian rupee with respect to the US dollaris a de facto controlled exchange rate. This is sometimes called a â€Å"managed float†. Other rates (such as the EUR/INR and INR/JPY) have the volatility typical of floating exchange rates, and often create persistant arbitrage opportunities against the RBI.[28] Unlike China, successive administrations (through RBI, the central bank) have not followed a policy of pegging the INR to a specific foreign currency at a particular exchange rate. RBI intervention in currency markets is solely to ensure low volatility in exchange rates, and not to influence the rate (or direction) of the Indian rupee in relation to other currencies.[29] Also affecting convertibility is a series of customs regulations restricting the import and export of rupees. Legally, foreign nationals are forbidden from importing or exporting rupees; Indian nationals can import and export only up to â‚ ¹7,500 at a time, and the possession of â‚ ¹500 and â‚ ¹1,000 rupee notes in Nepal is prohibited [30][31] RBI also exercises a system of capital controls in addition to intervention (through active trading) in currency markets. On the current account, there are no currency-conversion restrictions hindering buying or selling foreign exchange (although trade barriers exist). On the capital account, foreign institutional investors have convertibility to bring money into and out of the country and buy securities (subject to quantitative restrictions). Lo cal firms are able to take capital out of the country in order to expand globally. However, local households are restricted in their ability to diversify globally. Because of the expansion of the current and capital accounts, India is increasingly moving towards full de facto convertibility. There is some confusion regarding the interchange of the currency with gold, but the system that India follows is that money cannot be exchanged for gold under any circumstances due to gold’s lack of liquidity;[citation needed] therefore, money cannot be changed into gold by the RBI. India follows the same principle as Great Britain and the U.S. Reserve Bank of India clarifies its position regarding the promissory clause printed on each banknote: â€Å"As per Section 26 of  Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, the Bank is liable to pay the value of banknote. This is payable on demand by RBI, being the issuer. The Bank’s obligation to pay the value of banknote does not arise out of a contract but out of statutory provisions.The promissory clause printed on the banknotes i.e., â€Å"I promise to pay the bearer an amount of X† is a statement which means that the banknote is a legal tender for X amount. The obligation on the part of the Bank is to exchange a banknote for coins of an equivalent amount.† [32] Chronology[edit source | editbeta] * 1991 – India began to lift restrictions on its currency. A number of reforms remove restrictions on current account transactions (including trade, interest payments and remittances and some capital asset-based transactions). Liberalised Exchange Rate Management System (LERMS) (a dual-exchange-rate system) introduced partial convertibility of the rupee in March 1992.[33] * 1997 – A panel (set up to explore capital account convertibility) recommended that India move towards full convertibility by 2000, but the timetable was abandoned in the wake of the 1997–1998East Asian financial crisis. * 2006 – Prime Minister Manmohan Singh asked the Finance Minister and the Reserve Bank of India to prepare a road map for moving towards capital account convertibility.[34] ————————————————- Exchange rates[edit source | editbeta] Historic exchange rates[edit source | editbeta] Graph of exchange rates of Indian rupee (INR) per 1 USD, 1 GBP, 1 EUR, 100 JPY averaged over the month, from September 1998 to May 2013. Data source: Reserve Bank of India reference rate For almost a century since the Great Recoinage of 1816 until the outbreak of World War I, the Indian Rupee sustained parity with the US Dollar while pegged to the Pound Sterling that was exchanged at 4.80 (or 50 old pence per Rupee). Thereafter, both the Rupee and the Sterling gradually declined in worth against the US Dollar due to deficits in trade, capital and budget. In 1966, the Rupee was devalued and pegged to the US Dollar. The peg to the pound was at INR 13.33 to a Pound which itself was pegged to USD 4.03. That means officially speaking  the USD to INR rate would be closer to Rs 4. In 1966, India changed the peg to dollar at INR 7.50.[35] Indian rupees per currency unit averaged over the year[36]| Currency| code| 1996| 2000| 2004| 2006| 2007| 2008| 2009| 2010| 2013| U.S. dollar| USD| 35.44 4| 44.2| 45.340| 43.954| 39.5| 48.76112| 45.3354| 58| 68.80| Canadian dollar| CAD| 26.002| 30.283| 34.914| 41.098| 42.92026| 44.5915| 52.1706| | | Euro*| EUR| 44.401| 41.525| 56.385| 64.127| 68.03312| 60.5973| 65.6987| | | Pound sterling| GBP| 55.389| 68.119| 83.064| 80.633| 76.38023| 71.3313| 83.6329| | | Swiss franc| CHF| 28| | | | | | | | 50| Singapore dollar| SGD| 25.160| 26.07| 26.830| 30.932| 33.60388| 34.5127| 41.2737| | | *before 1 Jan 1999, European Currency Unit,| Banknotes and coins in circulation[edit source | editbeta] As of 2012 banknotes of the denominations of â‚ ¹5, â‚ ¹10, â‚ ¹20, â‚ ¹50, â‚ ¹100, â‚ ¹500 and â‚ ¹1000 are in circulation; coins with face-value of 50 paisa, â‚ ¹1, â‚ ¹2, â‚ ¹5 and â‚ ¹10 rupees. This is excluding the commemorative coins minted for special occasions.

Comparison Of The Black Death In Chaucers The Canterbury...

Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales and The Knight’s Tale Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales replays the journey of twenty-nine pilgrims. The pilgrims venture to Canterbury to worship at the Shrine of St. Thomas a’ Becket. The pilgrimage includes the knight. Who is a very chivalrous man with many tales to tell. The Middle Ages started in England with the Battle of Hastings, which occurred on Saturday, October 14, 1066. The armies met at the battle and taunted each other. Then they started to battle each other, many Normans died in the ditch. The battle lasted. For hours, the Normans decided to shoot their arrows high in the air so they would come down and strike the English soldiers faces. The Normans finally captured and killed†¦show more content†¦In 1359 Chaucer served in the kings army in the war of France. In 1360 he was captured by the French in March, he was ransomed for sixteen pounds. Then in 1369 Chaucer traveled to Northern Fra nce and served in John of Giants army. The next year, which is 1370, he served in France’s army. On June 20, 1367 Chaucer was recorded as a member of the royal household and was granted royal annuity for life of twenty pounds. From 1385-1389 Chaucer was Justice of the Peace for Kent Chaucer’s wife ended up dying in 1387. Then on October 25, 1400 Chaucer died, he ended up being buried in Westminster Abbey in London. (Www.librarius.com). Geoffrey Chaucer wrote his first book in 1368, it was called Book of the Duchess. From 1368-1372 he wrote â€Å"Fragment A† of Romaunt of the Rose. Then from 1381-1386 he wrote Boece and Troilus and Criseyde. After he finished that in 1386, he wrote The Legend of Good Women. From 1391-1392 he wrote a book for his son Lewis, it was called The Treatise of the Astrolable. Then before he died in 1400 he wrote The Complaint of Chaucer to His Purse. Now to tell about the writing of The Canterbury Tales. The first tales writ ten were the Second Nun’s Tale and the Monks Tale. They were not originally wrote for The Canterbury Tales, but were later incorporated. He then wrote Saint Cecelia, The House of Fame, Anelida and Arcite, ands Palamon and Arcite, which were later turned into The Knight’s Tale.Show MoreRelatedLiterature In The Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer750 Words   |  3 Pagesthen was The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, it’s about a group of people on a journey to Canterbury and along the way each character tells a story, each with its own moral. Although these tales were written back in the 14th Century, many of its morals still hold up to this day, specifically the â€Å"Pardoner’s Tale†, the â€Å"Nun’s Priest’s Tale†, and the â€Å"Manciples Tale†. The moral of the â€Å"Pardoner’s Tale† was that money and greed is the root of all evil and will eventually lead to death. The storyRead More Canterbury Tales Essay - Wife of Bath as an Attack on Married Life?1291 Words   |  6 PagesCanterbury Tales - Wife of Bath is Not an Attack on Women and Married Life Feminists have proposed that the Prologue of the Wife of Bath is merely an attack on women and married life. The Prologue is spoken by a woman with strong opinions on how married life should be conducted, but is written by a man. It is important to examine the purpose with which Chaucer wrote it. This is especially so as many of the pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales condemn themselves out of their own mouths, such asRead MoreEssay about Issues of Power and Class in Literature1605 Words   |  7 Pagesthe class system and stratification of society. Two highly acclaimed literary texts which address the class and power ideologies are Geoffrey Chaucers The Millers Tale from The Canterbury Tales collection, and Maria Edgeworths Castle Rackrent. Before we begin to discuss how issues of power and class are central in the understanding of The Millers Tale and Castle Rackrent, we must first try and define exactly what we mean when we talk of the two terms. We should also be able to acknowledgeRead MoreQuestions Macbeth Essay3342 Words   |  14 PagesMacBeth Questions 1) The season that is described in the opening passage of The Canterbury Tales is spring. According to the narrator, when the season comes the people long to go on pilgrammages. 2) English people want to go down to Canterbury to seek the holy martyr, St. Thomas a Becket. 3) The narrator claims he meets some twenty nine pilgrims. 4) The Knight has fought in Alexandria, Prussia, Lithuania, Granada, North Africa, and Anatolia. 5) If the Knight beats his opponentsRead MoreClassification of Literature3483 Words   |  14 PagesOF LITERATURE I. Divisions of Literature Literature Prose Poetry Fiction Nonfiction Dramatic Narrative Lyric Drama Short Story Novel Tale Fable Myth Legends Folktales Essay Biography Autobiography Diary History Chronicle News Anecdote Tragedy Comedy Opera Operetta Ballad Epic Metrical Tale Metrical Romance Ode Sonnet Song Elegy POINT OF COMPARISON | PROSE | POETRY | Form | Paragraph | Verse | Language | Words and rhythms of ordinary and everyday language | Metrical, rhythmical, figurativeRead MoreHistory of the Development of the Short Story.3660 Words   |  15 Pagesoften acted as mnemonics for easier recall, rendition and adaptation of the story. Short sections of verse might focus on individual narratives that could be told at one sitting. The overall arc of the tale would emerge only through the telling of multiple such sections. Fables, succinct tales with an explicit moral, were said by the Greek historian Herodotus to have been invented in the 6th century BCE by a Greek slave named Aesop, though other times and nationalities have also been givenRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pageshe waged war on Cyrus he would destroy a great empire, Croesus thought the oracle meant his enemys empire. In fact, the empire Croesus destroyed by going to war was his own 6. analogy- A comparison of two different things that are alike in some way (see metaphor and simile). Analogy is the comparison of two pairs which have the same relationship. The key is to ascertain the relationship between the first so you can choose the correct second pair. Part to whole, opposites, results of are typesRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pagesan Italian version of the Key of Solomon (British Library, Sloane manuscript 1307). Misled by some comments by Mathers and others, Dr. Butler incorrectly concluded that the Picatrix was â€Å"an Italian edition of the Clavicle, strongly impregnated with black elements† (Ritual Magic, 1949, p. 135.) Recent editions include: Arabic Pseudo-Magriti, Das Ziel des Weisen, Herausgegeben von Hellmut Ritter, B.G. Teubner / Liepzig / Berlin 1933. Studien der Bibliothek Warburg Herausgegeben von Fritz Saxl. XII. Picatrix